flu

Cymbopogon citratus

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

St Vincent and Grenadines:

fever grass
lemon grass

Antigua and Barbuda:

fever grass
lemon grass

Trinidad and Tobago:

fever grass
lemon grass

Barbados:

fever grass
lemon grass

Puerto Rico:

limoncillo

Dominican Republic:

limoncillo

Venezuela:

molojillo criollo

Guadeloupe:

sitwonnèl
zacate té

Dominica:

sitwonnèl
zacate té

Saint Martin:

sitwonnèl
zacate té

Martinique:

sitwonnèl
zacate té

Saint Lucia:

sitwonnèl
zacate té

Guatemala:

té de limón

Honduras:

té limón
zacate limón
zacate té

Mexico:

té limón
zacate limón
zacate té

Costa Rica:

té limón
zacate limón
zacate té

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

leaf, decoction or infusion, orally^{3,8-10,44,47-48}

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Use for diarrhea, stomach pain, fever, flatulence, flu, colds and cough is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information.

In case of diarrhea, the use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhea last more than 3 days in adult or 2 days in children, or should fever last more than 2 days, stomach pain more than 3, or cough more than 5, seek medical attention.

Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 3 years old.

TRAMIL Research⁴²

For diarrhea, stomach pain, fever, flatulence, flu, colds and cough:

Prepare a decoction or infusion with 15-25 grams of leaf in 1 liter (4 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least10 minutes in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to 15-25 grams of leaf. Cover and leave to cool down. Filter and drink 1 cup (250 mL), 2-3 times a day.

In all the above-mentioned uses for oral administration, the preparation should be properly filtered, using a cloth, as a prerequisite for consumption, in order to avoid mechanical injuries to the mucosas, due to the microfilaments present in the leaf²⁶.

1 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996
Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Dep. de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986
Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

3 Zambrano LE, 2007
Encuesta TRAMIL en Guareguare, Miranda. UCV, Caracas, Venezuela.

4 GIRON L, 1988
Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala.

5 CHARLES C, 1988
TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica.

6 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984
Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

7 JEAN-PIERRE L, 1988
TRAMIL survey. St. Lucia National Herbarium, Castries, St. Lucia.

8 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003
TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados.

9 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004
TRAMIL survey. IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent.

10 DELAIGUE J, 2005
TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago.

11 PICKING D, MITCHELL S, DELGODA R, YOUNGER N, 2011
TRAMIL survey. Natural Products Institute, The Biotechnology Centre & Tropical Metabolic Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.

12 CLEMENT Y, BAKSH-COMEAU Y, RAGOO R, SEAFORTH C, 2008
TRAMIL survey. UWI & UTT, Trinidad.

13 OCAMPO R, 1988
Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

14 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95
Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique.

15 DELENS M, 1992
Encuesta TRAMIL en los Estados Lara y Sucre de Venezuela. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela.

16 OCRISSE G, 2008
Enquête TRAMIL auprès de 250 familles de la moitié Est de la partie francophone de St Martin. Biologie végétale, UAG, Guadeloupe.

17 BOULOGNE I, 2009
Enquête TRAMIL, (Terre-de-Bas et Terre-de-Haut) Les Saintes, UAG, Guadeloupe.

18 O'REILLY A, 1992
TRAMIL survey. Chemistry & Food Technology Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dunbars, Antigua & Barbuda.

19 BENEDETTI MD, 1994
Encuesta TRAMIL. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.

20 BALZ E, BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007
Enquête TRAMIL à Marie-Galante. U. Bordeaux 3, U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe.

21 BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007
Enquête TRAMIL à La Désirade. U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe.

22 MENDEZ M, MEDINA ML, DURAN R, 1996
Encuesta TRAMIL. Unidad de recursos naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán CICY, Mérida, México.

23 ABEGAZ B, YOHANNES P, DIETER R, 1983
Constituents of the essential oil of Ethiopian Cymbopogon citratus. J Nat Prod 46(3):424-426.

24 DE MATOUSCHEK B, STAHL-BISKUP E, 1991
Phytochemical investigation of nonvolatile constituents of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (Poaceae). Pharm Acta Helv 66(9/10):242-245.

25 HANSON S, CRAWFORD M, KOKER M, MENEZES F, 1976
Cymbopogonol, a new triterpenoid from Cymbopogon citratus. Phytochemistry 15:1074-1075.

26 YOKOYAMA Y, TSUYUKI T, NAKAMURA N, TAKAHASHI T, HANSON S, MATSUSHITA K, 1980
Revised structures of cymbopogone and cymbopogonol. Tetrahedron Lett 21:3701-3702.

27 OLANIYI A, SOFOWORA E, OGUNTIMEHIN B, 1975
Phytochemical investigation of some Nigerian plants used against fevers. II. Cymbopogon citratus. Planta Med 28:186-189.

28 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986
Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p57.

29 SAUVAIN M, MORETTI C, MUÑOZ V, 1990
Pruebas in vivo para paludismo realizadas en Bolivia sobre varias plantas TRAMIL. ORSTOM/IRD/IBBA, La Paz, Bolivia.

30 MORON F, SANCHEZ C, MARTINEZ MC, MOREJON Z, PINEDO Z, 2000
Actividad antiespasmódica in vitro de hojas frescas de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba.

31 MORON F, FURONES J, PINEDO Z, 1996
Ausencia de efectos antiinflamatorio y analgésico del extracto fluído de Cymbopogon citratus al 30% por vía oral. Rev Cubana Plant Med 1(2):3-6.

32 CARBALLO A, 1995
Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba.

33 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, DAGUILH R, HENRYS D, HENRYS J, ANTON R, 1986
Popular medicine of the central plateau of Haiti. 2. Ethnopharmacological inventory. J Ethnopharmacol 17(1):13-30.

34 CARLINI EA, CONTAR JD, SILVA-FILHO AR, SOLVEIRA-FILHO NG, FROCHTENGARTEN ML, BUENO OF, 1986
Pharmacology of lemon-grass Cymbopogon citratus I. Effect of teas prepared from the leaves on laboratory animals. J Ethnopharmacol 17(1):37-64.

35 SOUZA FORMIGONI ML, LODDER HM, FILHO OG, FERREIRA TM, CARLINI EA, 1986
Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). II. Effects of daily two month administration in male and female rats and in offspring exposed "in utero". J Ethnopharmacol 17(1):65-74.

36 CARBAJAL D, CASACO A, ARRUZAZABALA L, GONZALEZ R, TOLON Z, 1989
Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 25(1):103-107.

37 LAM L, ZHENG B, 1991
Effects of essential oils on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. J Agric Food Chem 39(4):660-662.

38 LORENZETTI B, SOUZA G, SARTI S, FILHO DS, FERREIRA SH, 1991
Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. J Ethnopharmacol 34(1):43-48.

39 SETH, G, KOKATE CK, VARMA KC, 1976
Effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus on central nervous system. Indian J Exp Biol 14(3):370-371.

40 LEMOS TLG, MATOS FJA, ALENCAR JW, CRAVEIRO AA, CLARK AM, MC CHESNEY JD, 1990
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Brazilian plants. Phytother Res 4(2):82-84.

41 AWUAH R, 1989
Fungitoxic effects of extracts from some West African plants. Ann Appl Biol 115(3):451-453.

42 DUKE JA, 1992
Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their bioactivities. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.

43 KOBAYASHI N, 1989
Pharmaceutical compositions containing lemongrass extracts and antioxidants. Patens Japan Kokai Tokio Koho, 01, 221, 320.

44 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000
Toxicidad aguda clásica de hoja seca de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba.

45 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000
Actividad genotóxica in vitro de hoja seca de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba.

46 DE LA TORRE RA, ESPINOSA-AGUIRRE JJ, CORTINAS DE NAVA C, IZQUIERDO T, MORON F, 1994
Genotoxic activity of mebendazole in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutat Res 305(2):139-144.

47 PILOTO FERRER J, VIZOSO A, RAMOS A, GARCIA A, REMIGIO A, VEGA Y, GONZALEZ ML, RODRIGUEZ C, CARBALLO C, 2009
Plantas medicinales. Diez años de evaluaciones toxicogenéticas en el CIDEM. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 8(5):428-434.

48 LEITE JR, SEABRA ML, MALUF E, ASSOLANT K, SUCHECKI D, TUFIK S, KLEPACZ S, CALIL HM, CARLINI EA, 1986
Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. J Ethnopharmacol 17(1):75-83.

49 PARRA AL, YHEBRA RS, SARDINAS IG, BUELA LI, 2001
Comparative study of assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD₅₀ value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts.
Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400.

50 CARBALLO A, 1995
Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba.

Eryngium foetidum

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Martinique:

chadwon beni
fit weed

Dominica:

chadwon beni
fit weed

Trinidad and Tobago:

chadwon beni
fit weed

Dominican Republic:

cilantro ancho
koulant

Honduras:

culantro

Costa Rica:

culantro de coyote
spirit weed

Haiti:

koulant

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

leaf, decoction or infusion, orally⁴

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Use for fever is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information.

Use for flatulence, flue, vomiting, chest pain and attacks, palpitations and tiredness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever or vomiting last more than 2 days, seek medical attention.

Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 3 years old.

The leaf ofEryngium foetidum is widely used for human consumption.

For fever, flatulence, flu and vomiting:

Prepare a decoction or infusion with 20-30 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of leaf in 1L (4 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot.

For infusion, add boiling water to 20-30 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of leaf, cover and leave to cool down. Filter and drink 1 cup (250 mL) 3 times a day.

For chest pain and attacks, palpitations and tiredness:

There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.

1 OCAMPO R, 1988
Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

2 CHARLES C, 1988
TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica.

3 JEAN-PIERRE L, 1988
TRAMIL survey. St. Lucia National Herbarium, Castries, St. Lucia.

4 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95
Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique.

5 DELAIGUE J, 2005
TRAMIL survey. PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago.

6 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984
Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

7 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-1995
Encuestas TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

8 WENIGER B, 1987-88
Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

9 FORGACS P, JACQUEMIN H, MORETTI C, PROVOST J, TOUCHE A, 1983
Etude phytochimique et activités biologiques de 18 plantes de la Guyane Française. Plantes Médicinales Phytothér 17(1):22-32.

10 WONG K, FENG M, SAM T, TAN G, 1994
Composition of the leaf and root oils of Eryngium foetidum L. J Essent Oil Res 6(4):369-374.

11 MUNSELL H, WILLIAMS LO, GUIL LP, TROESCHER CB, NIGHTINGALE G, HARRIS RS, 1950
Composition of food plants of Central America. IV: El Salvador. Food Res 15(4):263-296.

12 ARBAIN D, CANNON JR, AFRIASTINI, KARTAWINATA K, DJAMAL R, BUSTARI A, DHARMA A, ROSMAWATY H, SJAFAR M, SJAIFUL, NAWFA R, KOSELA S, 1989
Survey of some West Sumatran plants for alkaloids. Econ Bot 43(1):73-78.

13 HERRERA J, 1992
Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos usados en medicina tradicional popular en la Cuenca del Caribe. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

14 SARAVIA A, 1992
Estudios sobre plantas TRAMIL. Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala.

15 GARCIA D, SAENZ T, 1995
Toxicidad aguda de algunas plantas TRAMIL. Informe TRAMIL. Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España.

16 SAENZ MT, FERNANDEZ MA, GARCIA MD 1997
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties from leaves of Eryngium foetidum L. (Apiaceae). Phytother Res 11:380-383.

17 SIMON O, SINGH N, 1986
Demonstration of anticonvulsant properties of an aqueous extract of spirit weed (Eryngium foetidum). Wi Med J 35(2):121-125.

18 SAUVAIN M, 1989
Etude des plantes antiparasitaires du plancton des Guyanes en Amazonie : antipaludiques et antileishmanioses (Thèse de Doctorat). Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France.

19 CACERES A, SAMAYOA B, 1989
Tamizaje de la actividad antibacteriana de plantas usadas en Guatemala para el tratamiento de afecciones gastrointestinales. Guatemala, Guatemala: Dirección General de Investigaciones, Universidad de San Carlos (DIGI-USAC).

20 GARCIA GM, COTO MT, GONZALEZ CS, PAZOS L, 1996
Toxicidad sub-crónica, en ratones, del extracto acuoso de la planta entera de Eryngium foetidum. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBi, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

21 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, QUIROS S, 2004
Toxicidad oral, subcrónica en ratones, dosis repetidas, del extracto acuoso de planta entera de Eryngium foetidum. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBi, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

Eucalyptus sp.

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Honduras:

eucalipto

Colombia:

eucalipto

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

leaf, decoction or infusion with cinnamon, orally^1-2

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Use for flu and cough is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and available published scientific information.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should coughing last more than 5 days, seek medical attention.

Ingestion should be avoided in the event of gastrointestinal inflammation, inflammation of bile ducts, or acute hepatic disorder³.

Preparations containing the essential oil should not be applied facially to children younger than 3, as this may induce glottal spasm and bronchial obstruction, and can potentially lead to death from suffocation³.

Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 3 years old.

For flu and cough:

Prepare a decoction or infusion with 5-10 grams of dried leaf or 30-40 grams of fresh leaf (15-20 leaves) in 1 liter (4 cups) of water²².

For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to the leaves, cover and allow to cool.

Drink 1 cup (250 mL) 3 times a day^3,23.

1 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996
Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Dep. de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

2 GOMEZ H, GAITAN R, DIAZ F, 2003
Encuesta TRAMIL (Norte del departamento de Bolívar). Grupo de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.

3 PDR for Herbal Medicines, 2003
Eucalyptus globulus. The PDR^® for Herbal Medicines, PDR Electronic Library, Medical Economics Company, PhytoPharm US Institute for Phytopharmaceuticals, Metuchen, USA, Feb.28,2003. URL: http://www.mdcc.edu/medical/library/catalog2.htm

4 SOOD VK, RIER JR JP, GHOSH RC, 1987
A gas-liquid chromatograph analysis of oil from young and old leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker. Parfuem Kosmet 68(8):495-498.

5 FERNANDEZ RR, SURI RK, 1981
Studies on the oil of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, grown at Dehra Dun. Indian Forestry 107(4):243-248.

6 SHEN YB, YU Z, 1986
Chemical constituents of Eucalyptus citriodora leaves. Part I. Linchan Hua Hsueh Yu Gong Yi 6(3):28-31.

7 ATAL CK, SRIVASTAVA JB, WALI BK, CHAKRAVARTY RB, DHAWAN BN, RASTOGI RP, 1978
Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part VIII. Indian J Exp Biol 16:330-349.

8 BRANTNER A, GREIN E, 1994
Antibacterial activity of plant extracts used externally in traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 44(1):35-40.

9 GILBERT B, MORS W, BAKER P, TOMASSINI T, COULART E, DE HOLANDA J, RIBEIRO DA COSTA J, LOPES J, DOS SANTOS FILHO D, SARTI S, TURCO A, 1972
Anthelminthic activity of essential oils and their chemical components. An Acad Brasil Cienc Suppl 44:423-428.

10 MEYER F, MEYER E, 1959
Percutaneous absorption of essential oils and their constituents. Arzneim-Forsch 9(8):516-519.

11 PARIS R, MOYSE H, 1981
Précis de Matière Médicale. Paris, France: Ed. Maloine.

12 GARNIER G, BEZANGER-BEAUQUESNE L, 1961
Ressources médicinales de la flore française. Paris, France: Ed. Vigot Frères.

13 BURROW A, ECCLES R, JONES A, 1983
The effects of camphor, eucaliptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Acta Otolaringol (Stockholm) 96(1-2):157-161.

14 DUKE J, 1992
Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their bioactivities. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.

15 ASWAL B, BHAKUNI D, GOEL A, KAR K, MAHROTRA B, MUKHERJEE K, 1984
Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part X. Indian J Exp Biol 22(6):312-332.

16 DHAR ML, DHAR MN, DHAWAN B, MEHROTRA B, SRIMAL R, TANDON J, 1973
Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part IV. Indian J Exp Biol11:43-54.

17 DUKE J, 1977
Phytotoxin tables. Crc Crit Rev Toxicol 5:189-237.

18 ANON, 1988
Eucalyptus citriodora oil. Food Chem Toxicol 26(4):323.

19 PAGES N, FOURNIER G, LE LUYER F, MARQUES M, 1990
The essential oils and their potential teratogenic properties: Example of the essential oils ofEucalyptus globulus preliminary study with mice. Plant Med Phytother24(1):21-26.

20 DUKE J, 1988
Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.

21 SPOERKE DG, VANDENBERG SA, SMOLINSKE SC, KULIG KK, RUMACK BH, 1989
Eucaliptus oil, 14 cases of exposure. Vet Hum Toxicol 31(2):166-168.

22 CARBALLO A, 1995
Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio Provincial de Producción de Medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba.

23 KOSSMANN I, VICENTE C, 1992
Salud y plantas medicinales. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Planeta Tierra. p113-115.

Guazuma ulmifolia

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Haiti:

bwa donm

Dominican Republic:

bwa donm
guácima

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

withered leaf (senescent), decoction with sugar, orally¹

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Use for flu, common cold and cough is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the cough last more than 5 days, seek medical attention.

Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old.

For flu, common cold and cough:

Prepare a decoction with 12 grams of old leaf in 1 liter (4 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, leave to cool down and drink 1 cup 3-4 times a day^15-16.

1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986
Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

2 WENIGER B, 1987-88 
Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

3 WENIGER B, SAVARY H, DAGUIHL R, 1984
Tri phytochimique de plantes de la liste TRAMIL. Laboratoire de chimie des substances naturelles, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université d'Etat d'Haïti, Port au Prince, Haïti.

4 WONG W, 1976
Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Econ Bot 30:103-142.

5 SEIGLER DS, PAULI GF, FROHLICH R, WEGELIUS E, NAHRSTEDT A, GLANDER KE, EBINGER JE, 2005
Cyanogenic glycosides and menisdaurin from Guazuma ulmifolia, Ostrya virginiana, Tiquilia plicata, and Tiquilia canescens. Phytochemistry 66(13):1567-1580.

6 HOR M, HEINRICH M, RIMPLER H, 1996
Proanthocyanidin polymers with antisecretory activity and proanthocyanidin oligomers from Guazuma ulmifolia bark. Phytochemistry 42(1):109-119.

7 LOPES GC, LONGHINI R, DOS SANTOS PV, ARAÚJO AA, BRUSCHI ML, DE MELLO JC, 2012
Preliminary assessment of the chemical stability of dried extracts from Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Sterculiaceae). Int J Anal Chem 2012:508945.

8 GIRON L, 1988
Evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana de 4 plantas de la lista TRAMIL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos USAC, Guatemala, Guatemala.

9 CACERES A, GONZALEZ S, GIRON L, 1998
Demostración de la actividad antimicrobiana de plantas tramil en base a los usos populares en la cuenca del Caribe. Laboratorio de productos fitofarmacéuticos Farmaya y Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala.

10 CARBALLO A, 1995
Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba.

11 TSENG C, IWAKAMI S, MIKAJIRI A, SHIBUYA M, HANAOKA F, EBIZUKA Y, PADMAWINATA K, SANKAWA U, 1992
Inhibition of in vitro prostaglandin and leukotriene biosyntheses by cinnamoyl-beta-phenethylamine and N-acyldopamine derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull 40(2):396-400.

12 NEGWER M, 1987
Organic chemical drugs and their synonyms (an international survey). 6º ed. Berlin, Germany: Akademie Verlag.

13 DUKE JA, 1992
Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their bioactivities. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.

14 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2007
Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de corteza del tallo fresco machacado de Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba.

15 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2007
Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de hoja seca machacada de Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba.

16 HERRERA J, 1990
Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos en vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional en la Cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de fitofarmacología, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

17 HOEHNE FC, 1939
Plantas e substâncias vegetais tóxicas e medicinais. São Paulo, Brazil: Dep. Bot. do Estado Sao-Paulo. Ed Graphicars.

18 CARBALLO A, 1995
Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba.

19 CACERES A, 1996
Plantas de uso medicinal en Guatemala. Guatemala, Guatemala: Editorial Universitaria de San Carlos. p126.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Haiti:

choublak

Martinique:

kokliko wouj

Guadeloupe:

rose kayenn

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

flower or leaf, infusion or decoction, orally^2-3

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Topical use for conjunctivitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys.

In the event of conjunctivitis, there is a risk of increasing irritation further as a result of applying the leaf juice. In any application to the eye, strict hygienic measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Contact with any substances that may be irritating to the conjunctiva should be avoided.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should conjunctivitis last more than 3 days, seek medical attention.

Oral use for fever, flu and cough is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever last more than 2 days, or cough persist for more than 5 days, seek medical attention.

Due to risk of abortion, not for oral use during pregnancy nor during lactation or by children under 10 years old.

The flower of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is widely used for human consumption or as a spice.

For conjunctivitis:

There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.

For fever, flu and cough:

Prepare a decoction or infusion with 1–2 flowers in 250 mL (1 cup) of water.

For decoction, boil for at least 3-4 minutes^2-3 in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to the flowers, cover and leave to cool down. Filter and drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986
Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

2 SOLIS PN, ESPINOSA A, DE GARCIA J, MARTINEZ L, GUPTA MP, 2003
Encuesta TRAMIL-GEF Emberá-Wounaann. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá.

3 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95
Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique.

4 EDOUARD JA, 1992
Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe.

5 BOULOGNE I, 2009
Enquête TRAMIL, (Terre-de-Bas et Terre-de-Haut) Les Saintes, UAG, Guadeloupe.

6 MEDITSCH J, BARROS E, 1978
Hibiscus dyes as acid-base indicators. An Assoc Bras Quim 29(1):89.

7 SHRIVASTAVA D, 1974
Phytochemical analysis of japakusum. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopathy 9(4):103-104.

8 LIN Y, 1975
The study of red pigments in Taiwan plants. Proc Natl Sci Counc Part I (Taiwan) 1975(8):133-137.

9 PATTANAIK S, 1949
A comparative study of the catalase activity of the petals and leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Curr Sci 18:212-213.

10 GRIFFITHS L, 1959
On the distribution of gentisic acid in green plants. J Exp Bot 10(3):437-442.

11 AGARWAL SL, SHINDE S, 1967
Studies on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis II. Preliminary pharmacological investigations. Indian J Med Res 55(9):1007-1010.

12 SRIVASTAVA DN, BHATT SK, UDUPA KN, 1976
Gas chromatographic identification of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and hydrocarbons of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 53(10):607-608.

13 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986
Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p84.

14 MORON FJ, VICTORIA MdC, MARTINEZ I, BRITO G, MOREJON Z, ACOSTA L, FUENTES V, 2011
Efecto antipirético de la decocción 30% de flores frescas de Hibiscus rosa sinensis (mar Pacífico) en ratas. Informe TRAMIL. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, La Habana, Cuba.

15 VICTORIA MdC, MORON FJ, MARTINEZ I, BRITO G, MOREJON Z, ACOSTA L, FUENTES V, 2011
Ausencia de efecto antipirético de la decocción 30% de hojas frescas de Hibiscus rosa sinensis (mar Pacífico) en ratas. Informe TRAMIL. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, La Habana, Cuba.

16 VICTORIA MdC, MORON FJ, MARTINEZ I, BRITO G, MOREJON Z, ACOSTA L, FUENTES V, 2011
Efecto analgésico oral de la decocción 30% de flores frescas de Hibiscus rosa sinensis (mar Pacífico) en ratones. Informe TRAMIL. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, La Habana, Cuba.

17 HERRERA J, 1994
Determinación de actividades biológicas de vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

18 BHAKUNI DS, DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN BN, MEHROTRA BN, 1969
Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part II. Indian J Exp Biol 7(4):250-262.

19 SINGH N, NATH R, AGARWAL AK, KOHLI RP, 1978
A pharmacological investigation of some indigenous drugs of plant origin for evaluation of their antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopathy 13(2):58-70.

20 KHOLKUTE SD, CHATTERJEE S, UDUPA KN, 1976
Effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis on estrous cycle and reproductive organs in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 14(6):703-704.

21 PRAKASH A, 1979
Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the uterus of rat treated with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. extracts. Curr Sci 48:501-503.

22 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005
Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de hoja fresca de Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba.

23 SINGH MP, SINGH RH, UDUPA KN, 1982
Antifertility activity of a benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers on female albino rats. Planta Med 44(3):171-174.

24 PRAKASH A, 1984
Biological evaluation of some medicinal plant extracts for contraceptive efficacy. Contracept Deliv Syst 5(3):9-10.

25 TIWARI P, 1974
Preliminary clinical trial on flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as an oral contraceptive agent. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopathy 9(4):96-98.

26 KHOLKUTE S, UDUPA K, 1974
Antifertility properties of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopathy 9(4):99-102.

27 TRIVEDI V, SHUKLA K, 1980
A study of effects of an indigenous compound drug on reproductive physiology. J Sci Res Pl Med 1(3/4):41-47.

Lantana camara

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Venezuela:

cariaquillo
cariaquito

Trinidad and Tobago:

graterwood
guanatel
kayakeet

Dominica:

mabizou
red sage

Guatemala:

siete negritos

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

flower, decoction, orally³

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

1 Graveson R, 2010
The Plants of Saint Lucia. www.ecotourismstlucia.info/floweringplants/verbenaceae/lantstri/lantstr… (31oct2011)

2 Serviss BE, 2010
Non-native Woody Plants of Arkansas. www.hsu.edu/default.aspx?id=6347 (31oct2011)

3 GIRON L, 1988
Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala.

4 CHARLES C, 1988
TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica.

5 DELAIGUE J, 2005
TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago.

6 DELENS M, 1990
Encuesta TRAMIL en Barlovento, Edo. Miranda de Venezuela. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela.

7 BOULOGNE I, 2009
Enquête TRAMIL, (Terre-de-Bas et Terre-de-Haut) Les Saintes, UAG, Guadeloupe (FWI).

8 SUNDARARAMAIAH T, BAI VV, 1973
Chemical examination of Lantana camara. J Indian Chem Soc 50(9):620.

9 HART NK, LAMBERTON JA, SIOUMIS AA, SUARES H, 1976
New triterpenes of Lantana camara H. A comparative study of the constituents of several taxa. Aust J Chem 29(3):655-671.

10 TAOUBI K, FAUVEL M, GLEYE J, MOULIS C, FOURASTE I, 1997
Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Lantana camara and Lippia multiflora. Planta Med 63(12):192-193.

11 PAN WD, MAI LT, LI YJ, XU XL, YU DQ, 1993
Studies on the chemical constituents of the leaves of Lantana camara. Yao Xue Xue Bao 28(1):35-39.

12 VERMA D, SINGH S, TRIPATHI V, 1997
A rare antibacterial flavone glucoside from Lantana camara. Indian Drugs 34(1):32-35.

13 WOLLENWEBER E, DORR M, MUNIAPPAN R, SIEMS K, 1997
Flavonoid aglycones and triterpenoids from the leaf exudate of Lantana camara and Lantana montevidensis. Biochem Syst Ecol 25(3):269-270.

14 AHMED Z, EL-MOGHAZY SHOAIB A, WASSEL G, EL-SAYYAD S, 1972
Phytochemical study of Lantana camara. I. Planta Med 21(3):282-288.

15 SOLIS PN, RODRIGUEZ N, ESPINOSA A, GUPTA MP, 2004
Estudio antimicrobiano de algunas plantas TRAMIL con usos en Martinica. Informe TRAMIL. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá.

16 OCCHIUTO F, CIRCOSTA C, COSTA DE PASQUALE R, 1989
Studies on some medicinal plants on Senegal: effects on isolated guinea pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol 26(2):205-210.

17 CACERES A, FIGUEROA L, TARACENA A, SAMAYOA B, 1993
Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of respiratory diseases. 2: Evaluation of activity of 16 plants against gram + bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 39(1):77-82.

18 WANJARI D, 1983
Antihaemorrhagic activity of Lantana camara. Nagarjun 27(2):40-41.

19 AYENSU E, 1982
Medicinal plants of the West Indies. Algonac, USA: Reference Publications Inc.

20 DUKE JA, 1988
Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.

21 AKHTER MH, MATHUR M, BHIDE NK, 1990
Skin and liver toxicity in experimental Lantana camara poisoning in albino rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 34(1):13-16.

22 MORTON JF, 1994
Lantana, or red sage (Lantana camara L.,[Verbenaceae]), notorious weed and popular garden flower; some cases of poisoning in Florida. Econ Bot 48(3):259-270.

23 SHARMA OP, MAKKAR HPS, DAWRA RK, 1982
Biochemical effects of the plant Lantana camara on guinea pig liver mitochondria. Toxicon 20:783-786.

24 SHARMA OP, DAWRA RK, KRISHNA L, MAKKAR HPS, 1988
Toxicity of Lantana (Lantana camara L) leaves and isolated toxins to rabbits. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(3):214-218.

25 DWIVEDI SK, SHIVNANI GA, JOSHI HC, 1971
Clinical and biochemical studies in Lantana poisoning in ruminants. Indian J Anim Sci 41(10):948-953.

26 HARI R, SHIVNANI GA, HOSHI HC, 1974
Efficacy of certain drug treatment in Lantana poisoning in Buffalo calves in relation to biochemical changes. Indian J Anim Sci 43(9):829-833.

27 FOURIE N, VAN DER LUGT JJ, NEWSHOLME SJ, NEL PW, 1990
Acute Lantana camara toxicity in cattle. J South African Vet Assoc 58(4):173-178.

28 SHARMA VK, KAUR S, 1987
Contact dermatitis due to plants in Chandigarh. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 53(1):26-30.

29 SHARMA OP, DAWRA RK, MAKKAR HP, 1989
Toxicity of isolated lantana (Lantana camara L.) constituents to male and female guinea pigs. Vet Hum Toxicol 31(1):10-13.

30 NAOUAR-LABOUP M, 1984
Connaissance sur des Verbénacées: Lantana camara L., espèce hépatotoxique. Constituants chimiques du genre Clerodendron. Doctorat d'Etat n°98, mention pharmacie. Université de Toulouse, France.

31 PASS MA, STEWART C, 1984
Administration of activated charcoal for the treatment of Lantana poisoning of sheep and cattle. J Appl Toxicol 4(5):267-269.

Lantana camara

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Venezuela:

cariaquillo
cariaquito

Trinidad and Tobago:

graterwood
guanatel
kayakeet

Dominica:

mabizou
red sage

Guatemala:

siete negritos

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

aerial parts, syrup or infusion, orally^1,24