Allium sativum

Scientific name: Allium sativum L.

Botanical family: AMARYLLIDACEAE

Vernacular names

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Guadeloupe:

ail
lay

Guatemala:

ajo

Dominican Republic:

ajo

Barbados:

garlic

Haiti:

lay

Saint Lucia:

lay

Other vernacular names

Guadeloupe:

Ail
ail

Panama:

Ajo

Dominican Republic:

Ajo

Venezuela:

Ajo

Colombia:

Ajo

Cuba:

ajo

Honduras:

Ajo

Haiti:

Ajo/lay
Lay

Antigua and Barbuda:

Garlic

Barbados:

Garlic

St Vincent and Grenadines:

Garlic

Martinique:

lay, ail

Botanical description

Herbaceous plant with bulbs divided into cloves which are enveloped in a whitish skin. Scape about 50 cm long. Leaves smooth, 2 to 3 cm wide. Umbel dense;flowers pink; ovary oblong-ovoid.

Voucher(s)

Faujour,14,BAR

Fuentes,4635,ROIG

Girón,254,CFEH

Jiménez,1519,JBSD

Longuefosse&Nossin,104,HAVPM

digestive conditions (stomach pain, bad or slow digestion and intestinal gas

bulb, decoction, taken orally^1-6^,74,75

intestinal parasites

bulb, decoction, taken orally⁴^,74

earache

bulb, crushed, poultice, applied locally³

candidiasis

bulb crushed, added to bath or rubbed on skin¹

skin conditions

bulb crushed, added to bath or rubbed on skin¹

prurit

bulb crushed, added to bath or rubbed on skin¹

nausea

bulb, decoction, taken orally^1-6^,74,75

fever

bulb, decoction, taken orally³

flatulence

bulb, decoction, taken orally^1-6^,74,75

toothache

bulb, applied locally^1-2

stress (mala sangre)

bulb, crushed, applied to forehead²

The bulb of Allium sativum is widely used for human consumption.

The garlic bulb for medicinal purposes should be taken together with meals, so as to prevent gastro-intestinal problems⁷¹.

For fever, gastric bloating, nausea, flatulence and intestinal parasites:

Prepare a decoction with 2 to 5 grams of fresh garlic⁷¹ (1 to 2.5 cloves) or 2 to 4 grams of dried garlic⁷¹ in 1 cup of water (250 mL), boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Cool and drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

For other forms of administration of garlic bulb, the daily consumption doses recommended by OMS⁷¹ are: for oil: 2 to 5 mg; for extracts, 300 to 1000 mg (as solid material). Other type of pharmaceutical preparations should meet alliine values of 4-12 mg or allicine values of 2-5 mg⁷¹.

For treatment of skin conditions, pruritus, candidiasis, toothache, and earache:

2 to 5 g (1 to 2.5 cloves) of peeled fresh garlic; wash thoroughly and crush, then apply to the affected area twice a day.

Use for “bad blood” is a traditional cultural use of our communities and is not classified in the TRAMIL Program.

According to published and other information:

Use for skin conditions, pruritus, candidiasis, gastric bloating, nausea, flatulence, and intestinal parasites is classified as REC, based on significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and published scientific information.

Use for toothaches, earaches, and fever is classified as REC, based on significant traditional uses (OMS/WHO)⁷ documented by TRAMIL surveys.

The bulb can cause reactions of hypersensitivity. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection.

Due to the possibility that an earache could signal a middle or inner ear infection, immediate medical evaluation is recommended. Do not use if there are secretions from the ear and/or possible perforation of the eardrum. If the patient’s condition worsens or if the earache persists for more than 2 days, seek medical attention.

Contraindicated for use in hyperthyroidism⁸. The extracts from garlic interact with anticoagulant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic treatments.

Trabajo TRAMIL⁷²(will be translatedin 3rd Edition)

El bulbo fresco pelado y machacado, por vía tópica (parche con 6 mL/6 cm² de piel/4 horas), modelo de irritabilidad dérmica aguda de Draize, a conejos albinos Nueva Zelanda (3 machos), se retiró el parche a las 4 horas y se lavó el área, se hicieron las lecturas de eritema y edema a 1, 24, 48 y 72 horas, mostró un índice de 0.55 que clasifica como ligeramente irritante.

Trabajo TRAMIL⁷³(will be translatedin 3rd Edition)

La decocción de bulbo fresco machacado sin pelar al 30% (rendimiento: 4,46 mg/mL), vía oral (volumen máximo de 2 mL/100 g de peso corporal; equivalente a 6 g de material vegetal/kg y a 928 mg/kg del contenido de sólidos totales extraídos), en rata, en el modelo de clases tóxicas agudas, no provocó muerte ni signos evidentes de toxicidad en las primeras 24 horas ni durante los 14 días de observación, ni evidenció cambios en los estudios histopatológicos.

The LD₅₀ of the bulb extract administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously, was 30 mL/kg⁶².

An aqueous extract of the bulb caused uterotonic activity in pregnant female mice⁴⁶.

An extract of the bulb administered in rats (2 g/kg) 5 times a week for 6 months showed no evidence of toxic effects⁶³.

An aqueous extract from the bulb administered orally to male and female rats for 3 months (100 mg/day) did not cause changes in body weight or show any evidence of pathological alterations in the kidney, the heart, or the seminal vesicles (of the male). The white and red blood cells count showed no change after treatment⁶⁴.

The juice of the bulb added to the drinking water (5%) of rats caused no evident toxic effects⁶⁵.

Externally, cataplasms with high concentrations of the bulb extract can cause necrosis of the skin⁶⁶ and allergenic activity⁶⁷. Allergenic activity has also been reported upon internal oral administration of the aqueous extract, in rats and in humans with sensitivities⁶⁸.

The oral administration of the bulb can cause irritation to the urinary tract in people who show specific sensitivity⁶⁹. Dosages of 350 mg/person (both sexes, ages 30 to 62) administered twice a day did not produce any toxic manifestations⁷⁰.

There is no available information documenting the safety of medicinal use in children or lactating women.

The bulb has been widely studied and it has, among other components, sulfur-containing compounds: ajoene and derivatives⁹, allicin¹⁰, allyl-methyl trisulfide and derivatives^11-12, cycloalliine and derivatives^13-14, diallyl-disulfide and derivatives, dimethyl sulfide¹⁵, allyl-methyl-disulfide and derivatives¹⁶, dimethyl thiosulfonate and derivatives¹⁷; sulfuric amino acids: alliine (which undergoes enzymatic oxidation and is converted into allicin, which is the intermediate product in the formation of the disulfurated derivatives of allyl, the final constituents of the essential oil)¹³, 5-butyl-cysteine-sulfoxide and derivatives¹⁸; lipids: cerebrosides¹⁹, prostaglandins A, B, E, and F²⁰; alkaloids: phosphatydyl choline²⁰, nicotinic acid²¹; diterpenes: gibberellin A-3 and A-7²²; carbohydrates: fructans of allium^23-24; saponins: derivatives of eruboside25, sativoside, and tigonin²⁶.

Proximate analysis of 100 g of the bulb²⁷: calories: 117; water: 67.8%; protein: 3.5%; fat: 0.3%; carbohydrate: 27.4%; fiber: 0.7%; ash: 1%; calcium: 18 mg; phosphorus: 88 mg; iron: 1.5 mg; sodium: 18 mg; potassium: 373 mg; carotene: 0 µg; thiamine: 0.24 mg; riboflavin: 0.05 mg; niacin: 0.4 mg; ascorbic acid: 10 mg.

The bulb extract (25 mg/mL) and the alcoholic extract (0.01%) in vitro caused inhibition of epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation, determined by the higher production of nitrous oxide at intracellular level; the 0.01% aqueous extract showed a weak effect²⁸. Antifungal effects of the bulb in vitro have been documented, particularly against dermatophytes and pathogenic yeasts in humans²⁹. Other antifungal effects include inhibition of the synthesis of macromolecules of Candida albicans³⁰ and antiviral activity against Herpes simplex and Influenza B, but not against Coxsackie³¹. An aqueous extract of the bulb was active in vitro against Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus sp and Staphylococcus aureus; but was inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa³². Also, in vitro it inhibited the growth of Criptococcus neoformans³³ and Aspergillus parasiticus³⁴. A hydroalcoholic extract (1:1) from the fresh crushed bulb (20 or 50% weight/volume), in concentrations of 50 and 100 microL/well, showed significant antifungal activity in vitro against Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton metagrophytes, andT. rubrum, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa³⁵. The hydromethanolic extract from the bulb (1:1)³⁶ and an ethanolic tincture (10%) of the dried bulb (30 µL/disc) showed activity against gram + and gram - microorganisms³⁷. In addition, the tincture was active against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa37. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of the bulb (10 mg/mL) showed weak activity against Toxocara canis³⁸. The aqueous extract from the bulb (173 and 204 mL/kg) administered orally to rabbits was active against experimentally-induced shigellosis, after three days of treatment³⁹. A butanolic extract of the bulb (200 mg/kg) administered orally to mice showed vermifuge activity against Aspiculurus tetraptera⁴⁰. An ethanolic extract (95%) of the bulb (125 mg/kg) administered orally to mice was active as an antiasthenic⁴¹. An aqueous extract (2 g/kg) administered orally to rats, in the granuloma pouch model and in the formalin model, showed weak anti-inflammatory activity⁴². Intraperitoneal administration of the hydroalcoholic extract (1:1) in the carrageenan-induced pedal edema model in rats showed anti-inflammatory activity⁴³. An aqueous extract of the bulb administered as part of the diet of rats caused a decrease in cholesterol levels and protected against experimental atherosclerosis⁴⁴. The bulb showed antihepatotoxic activity in vivo and in vitro in rats⁴⁵, and has been reported to cause uterine stimulation in pregnant rodents⁴⁶. The bulb juice, applied externally to rabbits, showed antifungal activity against Microsporum canis⁴⁷ and Sporotrichum shenkii⁴⁸, and against the genera Epidermophyton, Trychosporum, Trichosporon, Rodotorula, and Torulopsis⁴⁹. In preclinical studies, oral administration of the bulb showed the following effects: coronary vasodilating, negative chronotropic and inotropic^50-51 diuretic^52-53, systemic vasodilating, platelet anti-aggregating, and hypocholesterolemic⁵⁴. Oral administration of the bulb has shown antihypertensive activity, reported in rats and in humans^49-51. A 4 g dose of the bulb administered orally to humans stimulated the synthesis of nitrous oxide²⁸. In a clinical study with 20 patients, the raw bulb increased fibrinolytic activity by 72% within 6 hours, and the cooked bulb increased it by 63%⁵⁵. In a sample of 29 patients with bloating, flatulence and nausea, the bulb (0.64 g/person) administered orally twice a day for two weeks showed carminative effects⁵⁶. In a clinical study with 564 cancer patients and a control group of 1131 people, a significant reduction of the risk of stomach cancer due to consumption of the bulb was reported⁵⁷. In a clinical study, the hydroalcoholic extract (1:1) of dried crushed bulb (20-50% weight/volume) applied topically twice a day for four weeks in 60 patients (15-60 years) both male and female, with mycologic diagnosis (direct and culture) of dermatophytes showed significant antimycotic effect, in comparison with 3% salicylic acid as control⁵⁸. The alcoholic extract of the bulb administered orally to rabbits showed hypoglycemic activity in 59% of the animals treated, in comparison to the group that received 500 mg of tolbutamide. In a glucose overload test in rats, the extract of the dried bulb decreased the initial hyperglycemia; the powder of cured garlic increased levels of insulin in rat blood. In a randomized, controlled study, the extract of dried garlic powder in non insulin-dependent diabetic patients caused an 11.6% decrease of the glycemia, versus 0% in the placebo group⁵⁹. In phytotherapy, garlic is used as an anti-infection agent, useful in the treatment of cholera and tuberculosis; generally speaking, as an antiseptic or a fungicide for dermatosis caused by pathogenic yeasts, especially Candida albicans, and as a vermifuge. It also has the following effects: hypotensor; arteriolar and capillary vasodilator (peripheral and cerebral); negative chronotropic; hypolipidemic; antiatheroesclerotic; fibrinolytic; anticoagulant; coronary vasodilating; diuretic; platelet antiaggregating (due to the blocking action of the synthesis of thromboxane A2 via the inhibition of thromboxane-synthetase); antispasmodic; analgesic; neurotropic, eupeptic and choleretic⁶⁰. Oral administration in rabbits (1 g/kg) has revealed anticoagulant activity⁶¹.

Pharmacopoeia

Ed.2

References

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33 FROMTLING R, BULMER G, 1978
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34 GRAHAM H, GRAHAM E, 1987
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35 MOLINA NM, 1992
Actividad antimicrobiana de extractos de Allium sativum. Evaluación preclínica, farmacológica y toxicológica (Tesis de graduación). Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. p287.

36 EL-TANBOULY ND, ABDEL-MEGID RM, 1994
HPLC determination of allicin in garlic and garlic products and their antimicrobial activity. Zagazig J Pharm Sci 3(3A):120-124.

37 CACERES A, GIRON L, ALVARADO S, TORRES M, 1987
Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237.

38 KIUCHI ,F, NAKAMURA N, MIYASHITA N, NISHIZAWA S, TSUDA Y, KONDO K, 1989
Nematocidal activity of some anthelmintics, traditional medicines, and spices by a new assay method using larvae of Toxocara canis. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 43(4):279.

39 CHOWDHURY A, AHSAN M, ISLAM SK, AHMED ZU, 1991
Efficacy of aqueous extract of garlic and allicin in experimental shiguellosis in rabbits. Indian J Med Res93(1):33-36.

40 STANDEN O, 1953
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44 AUGUSTI K, MATHEW P, 1973
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45 HIKINO H, TOHKIN M, KISO Y, NAMIKI T, NISHIMURA S, TAKEYAMA K, 1986
Antihepatotoxic actions of Allium sativum bulbs. Planta Med 52(3):163-168.

46 SHARAF A, 1969
Food plant as a possible factor in fertility control. Qual Plant MaterVeg17:153.

47 PRASAD G, SHARMA V, KUMAR A, 1982
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48 TUTAKNE M, BHARDWAJ J, SATYANARAYANAN G, SETHI Y, 1983
Sporotrichosis treated with garlic juice. Indian J Dermatology 28:40-47.

49 DELAHA E, GARAGUSI V, 1985
Inhibition of mycobacteria by garlic extract (Allium sativum ). Antimicrob Agents Chemother27(4):485-486.

50 PETKOV V, 1966
Pharmacological and clinical study of garlic. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 106(51):1861-1867.

51 FOUSHEE D, RUFFIN J, BANERJEE U, 1982
Garlic as a natural agent for the treatment of hypertension: a preliminary report. Cytobios34(135-136):145-152.

52 PARIS R, MOYSE H, 1981
Précis de Matière Médicale, Tome II, 2^è éd. révisée. Paris, France: Ed. Masson. p61-62.

53 RIBEIRO R, BARROS F, MARGARIDA M, MELO R, MUNIZ C, CHIEIA S, WANDERLEY M, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1988.
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55 CHUTANI SK, BORDIA A, 1981
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74 BOULOGNE Isabelle, 2008
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75 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95
Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique

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The information provided is for educational purposes only for the benefit of the general public and health professionals. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations. Since some parts of plants could be toxic, might induce side effects, or might have interactions with certain drugs, anyone intending to use them or their products must first consult with a physician or another qualified health care professional. TRAMIL has no responsibility whatsoever towards the user for any decision, action or omission made in relation to the information contained in this Pharmacopoeia.

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Allium sativum

Vernacular names

Guadeloupe:

Guatemala:

Dominican Republic:

Barbados:

Haiti:

Saint Lucia:

Guadeloupe:

Panama:

Dominican Republic:

Venezuela:

Colombia:

Cuba:

Honduras:

Haiti:

Antigua and Barbuda:

Barbados:

St Vincent and Grenadines:

Martinique:

Botanical description

Voucher(s)

Pharmacopoeia

References

Disclaimer